设计模式--动态代理的思考

在一些第三方框架中经常能看到动态代理的案例,尤其是RPC框架,ORM框架等,该篇将分析这些实现的原理,另外延伸在业务中的使用示例.


动态代理模式

关于代理模式在之前的关于IOC与AOP的一些理解中已经有了一些分析,所以在此不再叙述,只需要理解以下两点即可:

  1. 动态代理的本质是控制对对象的访问,通过代理类,每一个方法请求都会转到对应的invoker()方法中,从而实现各种hack的逻辑,比如RPC的远程调用,Mybatis的Mapper代理等等.
  2. AOP是基于动态代理,但是其与动态代理不同的是AOP要增强的那个类是实实在在存在的,动态代理只是起到了分发方法请求的作用,在分发过程中执行了自定义的逻辑从而达到的增强处理.

下面举几个例子,可以更好的理解控制对对象的访问这一本质。

动态代理与延迟加载

延迟加载是一种常用的系统优化手段,让系统运行时做到真正需要的时候才去加载,其目的是为了避免一些无所谓的开销,比如我要查询User类并且只需要知道用户名信息,那么对应的Classroom信息,邮箱信息等实际上都是不需要的,那么这样的情景就非常适合延迟加载。但是如果我要查询User信息以及对应的Classroom信息,此时Classroom信息使用延迟加载就很不合适,也就是常见的N+1问题(查询User是1,查询对应的Classroom是N次关联查询),反而降低了系统性能,因此延迟加载的使用与否取决于你的业务场景。

1. ORM框架的延迟加载

ORM的延迟加载一般都是利用动态代理来实现,比如HibernateMybatis,如下图所示,用户需要的是User类,因此利用Cglib,Javaassit等技术生成对应的代理类给用户,因为代理类UserProxy是User的子类,其利用super转发对User的请求到对应的MethodInterceptor中,从而达到拦截的目的,拦截后就可以判断是否需要延迟加载,需要则根据一定策略去对应的Repository中获取数据。

2.利用延迟加载优化FutureTask

FutureTask是 Java5提供的一种异步任务编程方式。FutureTask存在的问题是获取值麻烦,需要手动调用 get()方法并且捕捉其中的异常信息,如下调用形式:

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@Test
public void testOldFindById() {
long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
// 1显式创建
FutureTask<User> userTask = new FutureTask<>(() -> userService.findById(1L));
// 2显式提交
executorService.submit(userTask);
// 3显式获取
final User user;
try {
user = userTask.get();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (ExecutionException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
System.out.println(user);
Assert.assertTrue(System.currentTimeMillis() - startTime > 2000L);
Assert.assertTrue(System.currentTimeMillis() - startTime < 3000L);
}

可以说是相当麻烦了。
一种解决方案是使用动态代理,当创建FutureTask之后,将其放入线程池,然后返回一个代理类供客户端使用,当客户端调用代理类的相应方法时,在代理类中则会调用future.get()方法达到转发到真实的FutureTask结果上,那么对于客户端来说是无感知异步的存在。

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@Test
public void testNewQueryByIds() throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {
long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
// 准备该异步任务需要的配置(线程池与超时时间)
AsyncLoadConfig config = new AsyncLoadConfig(Executors.newCachedThreadPool(),3000L);
AsyncLoadTemplate template = new AsyncLoadTemplate(config);
// 使用模板方式执行异步任务,返回代理类
List<User> users = template.execute(new Callable<List<User>>() {
@Override
public List<User> call() throws Exception {
Thread.sleep(2000);
return Collections.singletonList(User.mockUser());
}
});
// 模拟耗时操作
Thread.sleep(2000);
Assert.assertTrue(System.currentTimeMillis() - startTime > 2000L);
Assert.assertTrue(System.currentTimeMillis() - startTime < 2500L);
// 打印实际上调用 toString() 方法,其会作用到异步任务返回的真实类上
System.out.println(users);
}

该方式本质上是ORM 的延迟加载的扩展应用,只不过延迟加载获取数据是到 DB 中拉取,而这里是去异步任务Future中获取.
针对上面的案例笔者写了一个小Demo,可以参考下:
https://github.com/mrdear/tiny-asyncload

动态代理在RPC上的应用

RPC遇到的问题是Consumer端只有接口,因此RPC框架Consumer的调用一般都是基于动态代理实现,原因是对于Consumer端,是无法拿到Provider端的实例,两端唯一有关联的就是接口,因此使用动态代理把请求利用TCP通信转到对应的Provider端,然后取回对方返回的数据再转成自己想要的数据.

下面转自梁飞大大(dubbo作者)的博客,更能深切的体会到RPC原理的简单。
RPC框架几行代码就够了

因为要给百技上实训课,让新同学们自行实现一个简易RPC框架,在准备PPT时,就想写个示例,发现原来一个RPC框架只要一个类,10来分钟就可以写完了,虽然简陋,也晒晒:

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/* 
* Copyright 2011 Alibaba.com All right reserved. This software is the
* confidential and proprietary information of Alibaba.com ("Confidential
* Information"). You shall not disclose such Confidential Information and shall
* use it only in accordance with the terms of the license agreement you entered
* into with Alibaba.com.
*/
package com.alibaba.study.rpc.framework;

import java.io.ObjectInputStream;
import java.io.ObjectOutputStream;
import java.lang.reflect.InvocationHandler;
import java.lang.reflect.Method;
import java.lang.reflect.Proxy;
import java.net.ServerSocket;
import java.net.Socket;

/**
* RpcFramework
*
* @author william.liangf
*/
public class RpcFramework {

/**
* 暴露服务
*
* @param service 服务实现
* @param port 服务端口
* @throws Exception
*/
public static void export(final Object service, int port) throws Exception {
if (service == null)
throw new IllegalArgumentException("service instance == null");
if (port <= 0 || port > 65535)
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid port " + port);
System.out.println("Export service " + service.getClass().getName() + " on port " + port);
ServerSocket server = new ServerSocket(port);
for(;;) {
try {
final Socket socket = server.accept();
new Thread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
try {
try {
ObjectInputStream input = new ObjectInputStream(socket.getInputStream());
try {
String methodName = input.readUTF();
Class<?>[] parameterTypes = (Class<?>[])input.readObject();
Object[] arguments = (Object[])input.readObject();
ObjectOutputStream output = new ObjectOutputStream(socket.getOutputStream());
try {
Method method = service.getClass().getMethod(methodName, parameterTypes);
Object result = method.invoke(service, arguments);
output.writeObject(result);
} catch (Throwable t) {
output.writeObject(t);
} finally {
output.close();
}
} finally {
input.close();
}
} finally {
socket.close();
}
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}).start();
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}

/**
* 引用服务
*
* @param <T> 接口泛型
* @param interfaceClass 接口类型
* @param host 服务器主机名
* @param port 服务器端口
* @return 远程服务
* @throws Exception
*/
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public static <T> T refer(final Class<T> interfaceClass, final String host, final int port) throws Exception {
if (interfaceClass == null)
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Interface class == null");
if (! interfaceClass.isInterface())
throw new IllegalArgumentException("The " + interfaceClass.getName() + " must be interface class!");
if (host == null || host.length() == 0)
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Host == null!");
if (port <= 0 || port > 65535)
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid port " + port);
System.out.println("Get remote service " + interfaceClass.getName() + " from server " + host + ":" + port);
return (T) Proxy.newProxyInstance(interfaceClass.getClassLoader(), new Class<?>[] {interfaceClass}, new InvocationHandler() {
public Object invoke(Object proxy, Method method, Object[] arguments) throws Throwable {
Socket socket = new Socket(host, port);
try {
ObjectOutputStream output = new ObjectOutputStream(socket.getOutputStream());
try {
output.writeUTF(method.getName());
output.writeObject(method.getParameterTypes());
output.writeObject(arguments);
ObjectInputStream input = new ObjectInputStream(socket.getInputStream());
try {
Object result = input.readObject();
if (result instanceof Throwable) {
throw (Throwable) result;
}
return result;
} finally {
input.close();
}
} finally {
output.close();
}
} finally {
socket.close();
}
}
});
}
}

用起来也像模像样:

**(1) 定义服务接口 **

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/* 
* Copyright 2011 Alibaba.com All right reserved. This software is the
* confidential and proprietary information of Alibaba.com ("Confidential
* Information"). You shall not disclose such Confidential Information and shall
* use it only in accordance with the terms of the license agreement you entered
* into with Alibaba.com.
*/
package com.alibaba.study.rpc.test;

/**
* HelloService
*
* @author william.liangf
*/
public interface HelloService {

String hello(String name);

}

**(2) 实现服务 **

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/* 
* Copyright 2011 Alibaba.com All right reserved. This software is the
* confidential and proprietary information of Alibaba.com ("Confidential
* Information"). You shall not disclose such Confidential Information and shall
* use it only in accordance with the terms of the license agreement you entered
* into with Alibaba.com.
*/
package com.alibaba.study.rpc.test;

/**
* HelloServiceImpl
*
* @author william.liangf
*/
public class HelloServiceImpl implements HelloService {

public String hello(String name) {
return "Hello " + name;
}

}

**(3) 暴露服务 **

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/* 
* Copyright 2011 Alibaba.com All right reserved. This software is the
* confidential and proprietary information of Alibaba.com ("Confidential
* Information"). You shall not disclose such Confidential Information and shall
* use it only in accordance with the terms of the license agreement you entered
* into with Alibaba.com.
*/
package com.alibaba.study.rpc.test;

import com.alibaba.study.rpc.framework.RpcFramework;

/**
* RpcProvider
*
* @author william.liangf
*/
public class RpcProvider {

public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
HelloService service = new HelloServiceImpl();
RpcFramework.export(service, 1234);
}

}

**(4) 引用服务 **

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/* 
* Copyright 2011 Alibaba.com All right reserved. This software is the
* confidential and proprietary information of Alibaba.com ("Confidential
* Information"). You shall not disclose such Confidential Information and shall
* use it only in accordance with the terms of the license agreement you entered
* into with Alibaba.com.
*/
package com.alibaba.study.rpc.test;

import com.alibaba.study.rpc.framework.RpcFramework;

/**
* RpcConsumer
*
* @author william.liangf
*/
public class RpcConsumer {

public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
HelloService service = RpcFramework.refer(HelloService.class, "127.0.0.1", 1234);
for (int i = 0; i < Integer.MAX_VALUE; i ++) {
String hello = service.hello("World" + i);
System.out.println(hello);
Thread.sleep(1000);
}
}

}
实践 -- 服务器大量CLOSE_WAIT连接分析
并行设计模式--immutable模式